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This book explores the scientific knowledge embedded in ancient Indian texts such as the Vedas, Puranas, and other classical literature, and its relevance to modern science and society. It presents an interdisciplinary approach connecting ancient wisdom with contemporary scientific understanding in the fields of ecology, medicine, biotechnology, zoology, genetics, and environmental sustainability. The chapters in this volume highlight traditional fermentation technologies, medical knowledge, animal studies, ecological awareness, and surgical practices described in ancient Indian literature. Special emphasis has been given to the scientific and cultural significance of the Narmada River, sacred ecology, and biodiversity conservation. The book also attempts to interpret concepts such as digestion, metabolism, health, and genetics from both ancient philosophical and modern scientific perspectives. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern research, this book aims to demonstrate that ancient Indian texts contain valuable scientific insights that remain relevant even in the 21st century. This work is intended for researchers, academicians, and students interested in Indian Knowledge Systems, history of science, and interdisciplinary research. It is hoped that this book will encourage further research into the scientific heritage of ancient India and its application in modern times.