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Osteoporosis: is dened as a reduction of bone mass (or density) or the presence of a fragility fracture. Based on recommendation of a WHO committee, osteoporosis is operationally dened as a bone density that falls 2.5 standard deviation (SD) below the mean for young healthy adults of the same race and gender also referred to as T-score of - 2.5. Those who fall at the lower end of the young normal range ( a T-score of >1SD below the mean ) are dened as osteopenic having low bone density and are considered to be at increased risk of osteoporosis.